Monday, May 25, 2020
Utilitarianism The Greatest Happiness Principle
Utilitarianism is best referred to as the ââ¬Å"Greatest Happiness Principle.â⬠This means that when one considers himself as a utilitarian, he believes it is only right to judge the rightness or wrongness of an action based on the consequences. In other words, ââ¬Å"actions are considered moral when they promote utility and immoral when they promote the reverseâ⬠(Nubcaek 2011). The principle of utility helps to capture an idea of the good is that which produces the greatest benefit, greatest advantage, or the satisfaction of the interest to the greatest number of people who are directly related to the action being considered. This utilitarian principle is supposed to be absolute and it will tell you for any decision whatsoever exactly what youâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦(Driver 2014) He trusted that because God wants the happiness of mankind and since Godââ¬â¢s will gives us the criterion of virtue, ââ¬Å"â⬠¦the happiness of mankind may be said to be the criterion of virtue, but once removedâ⬠(Driver 2014). However, these approachââ¬â¢s do not produce a full explanation of utilitarianism to be able to fully understand the theory. In particular, how does one understand what is meant when the term ââ¬Å"goodâ⬠is being used? What determines the correct definition of the term? This is where two of the classical developers of Utilitarianism come in play. According to Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), the term ââ¬Å"goodâ⬠is equal to pleasure. These two men both had the desire and motivation to change useless, corrupt laws and social practices, and thatââ¬â¢s what brought these two together. Mill states: The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. To give a clear view of the moral standard set up by the theory, much more requires to be said; in particular, what things it includes in the ideas of pain and pleasure; and to what extent this is left an openShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism, Or The Greatest Happiness Principle1407 Words à |à 6 PagesUtilitarianism, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, states that the morality of an action should be judged based on the extent to which it produces happiness, or the opposite of happinessââ¬âan action is good as long as the result is happiness, and deemed bad if it results in pain. A clearer understanding of what Utilitarianism is can be gain ed by John Stuart Millââ¬â¢s characterization of what it is not. He states, ââ¬Å"I believe that the very imperfect notion ordinarily formed of its meaning, is the chiefRead MoreUtilitarianism : The Greatest Happiness Principle1176 Words à |à 5 PagesUtilitarianism John S. Mill describes utilitarianism, also known as ââ¬Å"The greatest happiness principleâ⬠, as a philosophical theory of morality. This theory is focused on the end result (a consequential theory) rather than the motive behind it. It argues that the morality of the action is solely dependent on the actionââ¬â¢s results. The action is morally ethical as long as it produces the greatest happiness for the majority of people involved. Mill mentions, ââ¬Å"â⬠¦ the greatest happiness principle holdsRead MoreEssay about Utilitarianism: The Greatest Happiness Principle528 Words à |à 3 PagesUtilitarianism was first brought up along the nourishing of ââ¬Å"The Greatest Happiness Principleâ⬠introduced by Jeremy Bentham and further developed by John Stuart Mill, who was a follower of Bentham (Sweet, 2013). Based upon its principle, Utilitarianism states that to be good is to generate the greatest possible amount of happiness for the greatest number. In contrast with rational egoism, Utilitarianism focuses more on maximizing the overall net happiness of the majority. When facing a decision toRead MoreUtilitarianism : A Workable Moral Theory? Why Or Why Not?958 Words à |à 4 PagesUtilitarianism: A Workable Moral Theory? Why or Why Not? Utilitarianism is one of the most commonly used ethical theories from the time it was formulated by Jeremy Bentham and John Stewart Mill in the nineteenth century. In his work, Utilitarianism, Bentham ââ¬Å"sought to dispel misconceptions that morality has nothing to do with usefulness or utility or that morality is opposed to pleasureâ⬠(MacKinnon, 2012, p. 53). To simplify the utilitarian principle, which is one of utilityRead MoreArguments Against Utilitarianism1450 Words à |à 6 PagesAs a philosophical approach, utilitarianism generally focuses on the principle of ââ¬Å"greatest happinessâ⬠. According to the greatest happiness principle, actions that promote overall happiness and pleasure are considered as right practices. Moreover, to Mill, actions which enhance happiness are morally right, on the other hand, actions that produce undesirable and unhappy outcomes are considered as morally wrong. From this point of view we can deduct that ut ilitarianism assign us moral duties and varietyRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill Is Considered One Of The Most Influential1099 Words à |à 5 Pagesphysiological following of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism in a nutshell, is the ethical philosophy in which the needs of the highest number of people in a society over the needs of the lowest number of people is considered the ultimate choice. Millââ¬â¢s interpretation of utilitarianism is that everything that is desirable is desired because of the pleasure they provide or because they help reduce pain. This interpretation would be later referred as the ââ¬Å"Greatest Happiness Principleâ⬠. Today, there is muchRead MoreConsequentialism And Its Effects On The Greatest Happiness Principle1527 Words à |à 7 Pagesmovie: enjoying the movie. Utilitarianism is a form of Consequentialism based on the Greatest Happiness Principle. This principle states that actions are right in proportion as they promote happiness and wrong in proportion as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. Utilitarians apply this principle in their belief that one should consider every possible action they may take and choose the one that produces the greatest overall happiness in the world. Utilitarianism is different than ConsequentialismRead MoreThe Concept Of Utilitarianism And Utilitarianism1216 Words à |à 5 Pagessatisfaction. Combining the subjects of torture and utilitarianism can cause a large moral dilemma. I believe that torture can be justified by the utilitarian principle, and the example given is acceptable. Yet, I believe that the concept of utilitarianism is idealistic but not realistic. Often related to utilitarianism is the term, hedonism. Utilitarianism is considered to be a type of hedonism. Utilitarianism is all about creating the greatest amount of happiness for the majority of people (Geninet,2015)Read MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill1365 Words à |à 6 Pages In John Stuart Millââ¬â¢s book Utilitarianism, he argues for the defense of utilitarianism, an age old theory originally developed by Jeremy Bentham that states the proper course of action is the one that maximizes happiness. The course of action that maximizes general happiness is also the only true standard for moral assessment. Mill also introduces the idea of ââ¬Ëfirst principleââ¬â¢ which states that it is not acceptable for individuals to characterize actions as either ââ¬Ëgoodââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëbadââ¬â¢, because it isRead MoreEssay on Utilitarianism1031 Words à |à 5 PagesUtilitarianism Utilitarianism is mainly associated with the principle of Utility summarised by Jeremy Bentham, a social reformer, in 1768. This principle was to apply ââ¬Ëthe greatest good of the greatest numberââ¬â¢ theory to all situations that may arise. This theory was that which is good is the act which provides the greatest Utilitarianism The Greatest Happiness Principle Utilitarianism John S. Mill describes utilitarianism, also known as ââ¬Å"The greatest happiness principleâ⬠, as a philosophical theory of morality. This theory is focused on the end result (a consequential theory) rather than the motive behind it. It argues that the morality of the action is solely dependent on the actionââ¬â¢s results. The action is morally ethical as long as it produces the greatest happiness for the majority of people involved. Mill mentions, ââ¬Å"â⬠¦ the greatest happiness principle holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happinessâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (Mill7). Then if it does, in fact, bring happiness the action is considered to be right. Mill focuses on consequences of actions and not on ethical sentiments. There are two major types of Utilitarianism: act utilitarians perform the action that will create the greatest net utility while rule utilitarians evaluate the rules and then evaluate individual actions by seeing if they obey those rules whose agreement will produce the most utility. Dr. Ethos response to the dilemma as an Act Utilitarian (AU): Dr. Ethos would have to decide what is the right thing to do, he should consider the available options (i.e. what actions could he perform), predict their outcomes, and approve of the action that will produce the most good to the greatest amount of people. As an Act Utilitarian, he would be morally obligated to kill the healthy grumpy man in order to use his organs to save the lives of the other ten. He wouldShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism, Or The Greatest Happiness Principle1407 Words à |à 6 PagesUtilitarianism, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, states that the morality of an action should be judged based on the extent to which it produces happiness, or the opposite of happinessââ¬âan action is good as long as the result is happiness, and deemed bad if it results in pain. A clearer understanding of what Utilitarianism is can be gained by John Stuart Millââ¬â¢s characterization of what it is not. He states, â â¬Å"I believe that the very imperfect notion ordinarily formed of its meaning, is the chiefRead MoreUtilitarianism : The Greatest Happiness Principle1574 Words à |à 7 PagesUtilitarianism is best referred to as the ââ¬Å"Greatest Happiness Principle.â⬠This means that when one considers himself as a utilitarian, he believes it is only right to judge the rightness or wrongness of an action based on the consequences. In other words, ââ¬Å"actions are considered moral when they promote utility and immoral when they promote the reverseâ⬠(Nubcaek 2011). The principle of utility helps to capture an idea of the good is that which produces the greatest benefit, greatest advantage, orRead MoreEssay about Utilitarianism: The Greatest Happiness Principle528 Words à |à 3 PagesUtilitarianism was first brought up along the nourishing of ââ¬Å"The Greatest Happiness Principleâ⬠introduced by Jeremy Bentham and further developed by John Stuart Mill, who was a follower of Bentham (Sweet, 2013). Based upon its principle, Utilitarianism states that to be good is to generate the greatest possible amount of happiness for the greatest number. In contrast with rational egoism, Utilitarianism focuses more on maximizing the overall net happiness of the majority. When facing a decision toRead MoreUtilitarianism : A Workable Moral Theory? Why Or Why Not?958 Words à |à 4 PagesUtilitarianism: A Workable Moral Theory? Why or Why Not? Utilitarianism is one of the most commonly used ethical theories from the time it was formulated by Jeremy Bentham and John Stewart Mill in the nineteenth century. In his work, Utilitarianism, Bentham ââ¬Å"sought to dispel misconceptions that morality has nothing to do with usefulness or utility or that morality is opposed to pleasureâ⬠(MacKinnon, 2012, p. 53). To simplify the utilitarian principle, which is one of utilityRead MoreArguments Against Utilitarianism1450 Words à |à 6 PagesAs a philosophical approach, utilitarianism generally focuses on the principle of ââ¬Å"greatest happinessâ⬠. According to the greatest happiness principle, actions that promote overall happiness and pleasure are considered as right practices. Moreover, to Mill, actions which enhance happiness are morally right, on the other hand, actions that produce undesirable and unhappy outcomes are considered as morally wrong. From this point of view we can deduct that ut ilitarianism assign us moral duties and varietyRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill Is Considered One Of The Most Influential1099 Words à |à 5 Pagesphysiological following of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism in a nutshell, is the ethical philosophy in which the needs of the highest number of people in a society over the needs of the lowest number of people is considered the ultimate choice. Millââ¬â¢s interpretation of utilitarianism is that everything that is desirable is desired because of the pleasure they provide or because they help reduce pain. This interpretation would be later referred as the ââ¬Å"Greatest Happiness Principleâ⬠. Today, there is muchRead MoreConsequentialism And Its Effects On The Greatest Happiness Principle1527 Words à |à 7 Pagesmovie: enjoying the movie. Utilitarianism is a form of Consequentialism based on the Greatest Happiness Principle. This principle states that actions are right in proportion as they promote happiness and wrong in proportion as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. Utilitarians apply this principle in their belief that one should consider every possible action they may take and choose the one that produces the greatest overall happiness in the world. Utilitarianism is different than ConsequentialismRead MoreThe Concept Of Utilitarianism And Utilitarianism1216 Words à |à 5 Pagessatisfaction. Combining the subjects of torture and utilitarianism can cause a large moral dilemma. I believe that torture can be justified by the utilitarian principle, and the example given is acceptable. Yet, I believe that the concept of utilitarianism is idealistic but not realistic. Often related to utilitarianism is the term, hedonism. Utilitarianism is considered to be a type of hedonism. Utilitarianism is all about creating the greatest amount of happiness for the majority of people (Geninet,2015)Read MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill1365 Words à |à 6 Pages In John Stuart Millââ¬â¢s book Utilitarianism, he argues for the defense of utilitarianism, an age old theory originally developed by Jeremy Bentham that states the proper course of action is the one that maximizes happiness. The course of action that maximizes general happiness is also the only true standard for moral assessment. Mill also introduces the idea of ââ¬Ëfirst principleââ¬â¢ which states that it is not acceptable for individuals to characterize actions as either ââ¬Ëgoodââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëbadââ¬â¢, because it isRead MoreEssay on Utilitarianism1031 Words à |à 5 PagesUtilitarianism Utilitarianism is mainly associated with the principle of Utility summarised by Jeremy Bentham, a social reformer, in 1768. This principle was to apply ââ¬Ëthe greatest good of the greatest numberââ¬â¢ theory to all situations that may arise. This theory was that which is good is the act which provides the greatest
Friday, May 15, 2020
Francis Bacon s Philosophy On Science - 863 Words
Francis Bacon In this context of a philosophical essay, the focus shall be on the major philosophies, Francis Bacon developed upon exposure and interests in the various field. He was a philosopher whose origin was from England and throughout his life he sought to find answers to various issues relative to his character of being a man of high ambitions like attaining high political positions just like his father (Hammer, 74). His passion for philosophy has over the decades and centuries found its ways to the hearts and blossoms of philosophy scholars and publications. He developed philosophies that circled around nature, science and religion through his brilliant and most excruciating work of art of designing an effective method of learning, that is, the inductive learning methodology and a well-structured proposal of learning curriculum as is discussed below. Baconââ¬â¢s philosophy on renaissance has been stated on a different and elaborate way of perspectives and discussions. Bacon is reported to have discussed the major discoveries and theories based on the religion and science to have not been developed on a realistic approach (Robertson, 23). Relative to renaissance, Bacon tried to mean that these theories were only based on the past and not the present and the future and that Aristotle and others should have established common principles to curb the diverse and contrasting information published in books, journals and other reading materials. He further documented that it isShow MoreRelatedFrancis Bacon : Pioneering Scientific Philosophy1513 Words à |à 7 PagesFrancis Bacon: Pioneering Scientific Philosophy Francis Bacon demonstrated true brilliance in a time where people were finally starting to be curious about the world. His life, the late 1500s and early 1600s, was a time where previous scientific discoveries were being reformed and new discoveries were being introduced. Francis Bacon, a visionary for his time, was submersed in many events and influenced by many people, which in return allowed Bacon to produce some of his greatest theories and notionsRead MoreIn What Ways Are Descartes and Bacon Alike?672 Words à |à 3 PagesDescartes and Bacon Alike? remember footnotes and donââ¬â¢t include first 1 on numbered pages There are many aspects of Rene Descartesââ¬â¢ and Francis Baconââ¬â¢s practices of approaching the scientific method. When comparing the two scientists, it is clear that there are many similarities. In an effort to compare Reneââ¬â¢ Descartes and Francis Bacon it is important to discover the pioneerââ¬â¢s investigations and philosophies. Both credited with the evolution from Aristotelian discovery to modern science, DescartesRead More Culture and Information - Sir Francis Bacon Essay examples998 Words à |à 4 PagesCulture and Information - Sir Francis Bacon Sir Francis Bacon was the grand architect of a perspective on reality so revolutionary that the human mind has yet to break its mold. Although he was neither an accomplished scientist nor a prodigious mathematician, Bacon is accredited with the creation of the philosophy of science and the scientific method, and he so effectively reapplied the notion of inductive reasoning that he is often considered its father. Bacon was the first to embark on the pursuitRead MoreBacon : Why Humans Are Far From Perfect Essay1387 Words à |à 6 PagesBacon: Why Humans are Far from Perfect The 17th century English philosopher, Francis Bacon, helped revolutionize the scientific community with the inductive and eliminative methods based on skepticism, but these were far from his only influential scientific contributions. In one his most influential works, ââ¬Å"Novum Organum,â⬠Bacon poses the idea of the The Four Idols.â⬠ââ¬Å"Idols as Bacon defines them, refer to an illusion, rather than a hero or idol in the sense of a role model. These banes of humanRead MoreFrancis Bacon and Rene Descartes2288 Words à |à 10 Pages| Connections and Contrasts of Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes | | | | The Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting Ones Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences is one of the most influential works in the history of modern philosophy, and important to the evolution of natural sciences. In this work, Descartes tackles the problem of skepticism. Descartes modified it to account for a truth he found to be incontrovertible. Descartes started his line of reasoning by doubting everythingRead MoreScience Can Not Be Defined1531 Words à |à 7 Pages Science Cannot be Defined Calvin Berndt Philosophy of Science Spring 2015 05/03/2015 ââ¬Æ' There are a multitude of conflicting theories that aim to conclude the definition of science, and all of them have underlying issues that make them inadequate in giving a definitive definition. According to Dictionary.com the current prevailing definition of science is ââ¬Å"the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment (Dictionary, n.dRead MoreThe Effects of the Scientific Revolution Essay1346 Words à |à 6 PagesGalileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Francis Bacon and Joseph Needham. According to some excerpts from ââ¬Å"Why Europe?â⬠by Jack Gladstone and ââ¬Å"China, Technology and Changeâ⬠by Lynda Norene Shaffer, the work of these notable men can be traced back to having a significant role in the scientific focus of modern society, or what we now know to be the ââ¬Å"Scientific Revolutionâ⬠of the seventeenth century. In a world where we are desperately dependent on advancements in modern science, we rarely stop to think aboutRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave By Plato1511 Words à |à 7 PagesIn our class, we read three powerful and meaningful texts. We started by reading The Allegory of the Cave by Plato, a Greek philosopher who lived from 428-347 B.C.E. This text led to our reading of The Four Idols by Francis Bacon, an English philosopher who came much later than Plato and lived from 1562 to 1626. Lastly, we read The Word Weavers/World Makers by Neil Postman, who lived from 1931-2003. There seems to be a recurring theme in which they themselves deal with ideas of knowledge and illusionsRead MoreFrancis Bacon15624 Words à |à 63 Pagesà Francis Bacon: A Moralist Bacon is not a true moralist. His morality is a saleable morality. He is a moralist-cum-worldly wise man. Bacon appears as a moralist in his essays, for he preaches high moral principles and lays down valuable guidelines for human conduct. Some of his essays show him as a true lover and preacher of high ethical codes and conducts. For instance, in ââ¬Å"Of Envyâ⬠, he puts: ââ¬Å"A man that hath no virtue in himself, ever envieth virtue in others.â⬠Then, in his essay ââ¬Å"Of GoodnessRead MoreThe Mind Is An Action2001 Words à |à 9 Pagescan be achieve by anyone. Ideas of one s own is a creation that can be utilized throughout history. In the present, scholars and professors utilize works from great thinkers whom put into perspective different ways to view the world that one lives in. From allegories to theories of the body, all great thinkers have a mind that is different, in which contributes to the world for further use and exploration. In depth, philosopher Plato, thinker Francis Bacon, and psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, have all
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Fossil Fuels Coal, Petroleum, And Natural Gas - 756 Words
Fossil fuelsââ¬âcoal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas ââ¬â are concentrated organic compounds found in the Earthââ¬â¢s crust. They are created from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago in the form of concentrated biomass. According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), fossil fuels meet 81 percent of U.S. energy demand. Scattered records of the use of coal date to at least 1100 BC. By the middle Ages, small mining operations began to spread in Europe, where coal was used for forges, smithies, lime-burners, and breweries. The invention of fire bricks in the 1400s made chimneys cheap to build and helped create a home heating market for coal. Coal was firmly established as a domestic fuel in much of Europe by the 1570s, and represented the major heating source for buildings, especially in cities located far from easy access to less energy-dense biomass forms. Coal was the first of the fossil fuels to go into widespread use, displacing low-energy firewood as the leading source of fuel in the US, and triggering the countryââ¬â¢s industrialization in the second half of the 19th century. Within a few decades, the US went from a net importer of coal (mostly from Britain) to a major exporter of the fossil fuel, a development made possible by mining the nationââ¬â¢s vast reserves of coal. Oil was used in architectural adhesives, ship caulks, medicines, and roads in Mesopotamia around 3000 BC. Two thousand years later, the Chinese refined crude oil for use inShow MoreRelatedDepletion of Non Renewable Resources of Energy1422 Words à |à 6 PagesAà non-renewable resourceà is aà natural resourceà which cannot be produced, grown, generated, or used on a scale which canà sustainà its consumption rate, once depleted there is no more available for future needs. Also considered non-renewable are resources that are consumed much faster than nature can create them.à Fossil fuelsà (such asà coal,à petroleum, andà natural gas), types of nuclear power (uranium) and certainà aquifersà are examples. Natural resources such asà coal,à petroleum,à oilà andà natural gasà take thousandsRead MoreFossil Fuels : The World s Primary Energy Resources1736 Words à |à 7 PagesAbstract Fossil Fuels such us oil, coal, and natural gas are currently the worldââ¬â¢s primary energy resources because they originate from living things. Formed millions of years ago from the decomposition of organic materials such as plants and animal life, it is non-renewable resources that supplied U.S. and global economic development over the past century. In fact, Fossil fuel industries mine or drill for this energy resources, burn them to provide electricity. Natural gas and oil are used whenRead MoreThe Sources Of Fossil Fuels1428 Words à |à 6 PagesIV. Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels are the natural fuels such as coal or gas found in the Earthââ¬â¢s crust. It is formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms. A hydrocarbon deposit, such as oil, coal, or natural gas, derived from the accumulated remains of ancient plants and animals. Carbon dioxide and other gases were produced by burning fossil fuels are considered to be one of the principal causes of global warming. A. The origin of coal is a plentiful fossil fuel and has beenRead MoreFossil Fuel Vs. Fossil Fuels1684 Words à |à 7 Pagesto form natural deposits of fossil fuels (Science Daily). There are 3 types of fossil fuels that we use today. Oil, coal, and natural gas make up the majority of our energy source. These resources have been developing in the earthââ¬â¢s crust for billions of years before humans came into existence. Without fossil fuels the world would not be where it is today. The purpose of this paper is to explain the fundamentals of each fossil fuel, the advantages and disadvantages of using fossil fuels as an energyRead MoreHuman Induced Climate Change : Energy Use1349 Words à |à 6 Pages Human-Induced Climate Change ââ¬â Energy Use Joel Hyde, Kevin Styers, and Victoria ââ¬Å"Scoutâ⬠Vitus- Dega Throughout the history of Earth, the climate has changed to varying degrees by natural causes. When the world first began, the climate was unstable and devoid of the atmosphere that we know of today. It was not until bacteria were able to fix nitrogen did the Earth begin to develop its nitrogen and eventually nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere allowing modern hominids to advance. Earth was cooler afterRead MoreFossil Fuels : The Source Of Energy1709 Words à |à 7 Pagessociety fossil fuels are the primary source of energy for most of the industrialized world. Utilizing fossil fuels has been vital to the industrialization development. Throughout industrialization of many parts of the world, energy has been needed at a much higher density then before and fossil fuels have fulfilled that need. Coal, gas, and oil are the three major sources of fossil fuels in the world. Despite other means of energy, such as wind power, hydroelectric power and so on, fossil fuels are stillRead MoreEnergy Surr ounds Humanity And Underpins Modern Life Essay1368 Words à |à 6 Pagesefficiently to accomplish many tasks such as generate power, and facilitate transportation. Perhaps the vast majority of the energy we obtain today originates from the burning of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are the worlds dominate energy source. They are non-renewable resources that are formed from decayed plants and animals. Fossil fuels have a variety of applications such as powering our vehicles, heating and cooling our homes and running many appliances through production of electricity. They have poweredRead MoreFossil Fuels Are The Dominant Source Of Energy Being Used By Humans1312 Words à |à 6 PagesIn todayââ¬â¢s world, fossil fuels are the dominant source of energy being used by humans. The percentage use of this source of energy ranges from 80 to 90 percent. Fossil fuels can be used directly (e.g. gasoline) or to produce electricity. The top three fossil fuels that are used in the United States ar e coal, oil and gas. One of the problems with fossil fuels is that they are nonrenewable resources which means that they will run out. Other problems that come with it are direct pollution, air pollutionRead MoreFossil Fuels : The Global Energy Problem1352 Words à |à 6 PagesAbstract For the past 100 years, fossil fuels have been the cornerstone of the world energy production. Oil is the most notable fossil fuel; however, coal and natural gas are also mainstream. Since global warming is the most important environmental problem the world faces and the cause is from greenhouse gases, many look to renewable energy resources to resolve the environment and energy crisis. The Global Energy Problem For many years, the world has been in an ongoing debate andRead MoreMethane Gas as an Alternative Source of Energy 1782 Words à |à 7 Pagesthe vast majority of the consuming energy comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels, such as oil, natural gas, and coal, which threaten the damage of environment that can lead to the global warming. Therefore, it is required to find new renewable source of energy, which can entirely ensure sustainable system and provide the population with environmentally friendly, financially available and productive energy (Turner 1999). The methane gas (CHà ½) is the biogas that is abundant in nature; it is also produced
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Critical Analysis of Leah HealthNursing Research
Question: Write about theCritical Analysisof Leah's Healthfor Nursing Research. Answer: Introduction The WHO reported that as many nations are showing continuous advancements in combating most chronic diseases, there is a great challenge associated with abdominal obesity (Carmienke et al., 2013). Abdominal obesity presents risks to acute myocardial infarction amid adults. However, recent studies indicate that adolescents present significant values (DiCenso et al., 2014). The primary reason alludes to the environmental and genetic factors, but of late modifications in the lifestyle of most teenaged individual's records increased cases (Ford et al., 2014). Therefore, Leah a twenty-one-year-old student at an Australian university presents to the student undertaking placement at the school clinic with abdominal obesity. After engaging with Leah, the student notes that the underpinning factor to Leah's condition is a change in the social life that affects her exercise and eating habits (Richardson-Tench et al., 2016). As such, ideas in this paper seek to illustrate how Leah's personal ci rcumstances act as a barrier for application of evidence-based practices. Additionally, the article pays attention to matters research aligning with the PICO question. Further, the paper has several sections that critically analyze the works of several authors. Finally, the study will provide a succinct summary of the discussed ideas concerning the thesis statement and provide an opinion for future reference as shown below. Authorship Rogerson, Soltani Copeland., 2016; Share et al., 2015 are professors presenting with a broad field of health sciences expertise amid several universities in Australia. The authors have affiliated lectures to several institutions. Such institutions include but are not limited to "School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia." Regarding conflict of interest, the authors had different opinions on matters weight loss and the model of study employed. Rogerson, D., Soltani, H., Copeland, R. 2016 is of the opinion that structured interviews served a significant role in soliciting information from the participants. Further, the author stipulates that environmental factors played a significant role in causing abdominal obesity. On the other hand, the works of Share et al., 2015 employed a linear mixed model to study the participants. Moreover, the author is of the opinion that it was difficult to make judgments on the participants' health regarding physical activity and nutrition, but after some time it was evident that exercising and good eating habits reduced abdominal obesity. Notably, it is evident that the participants in the two study were different. In the study by Rogerson, D., Soltani, H., Copeland, R. 2016 the participants were from both genders whereas in the study by Share et al., 2015 the participa nts were all females. Research Aims According to Rogerson, D., Soltani, H., Copeland, R. 2016, the study aimed at investigating a sample of participants who were subjected to environmental factors; without alignment to clinical interventions. The works of Share et al., 2015 aimed at assessing the impact of a twelve-week multifaceted lifestyle program on cardiometabolic risks associated with abdominal obesity. First, Rogerson, D., Soltani, H., Copeland, R. 2016 employed use of semi-structured interview to assess the participants and collect data. The sampling technique used was purposive where data saturation guided the sample size. Theoretical underpinning using realist meta-theory enabled in-depth analysis of the participants' experiences and opinions. Then the data was analyzed using framework analysis. According to Share et al., 2015 employed a participatory linear model to study the group. Twenty-six women aged 18-30 years were sampled and introduced t a twelve-week lifestyle involvement program. During the progr am, cognitive behavioral therapy, biochemical, nutrition, and fitness testing were completed. The results were calculated concerning the waist-hip ratio and waist height ratio. Design Rogerson, D., Soltani, H., Copeland, R. 2016 used a problem-oriented research methodology characterized by inclusion semi-structured interviews. Theoretical underpinning using realist meta-theory served as the method to calculate and explain the results. Share et al., 2015 used a phenomenology research methodology in a twelve-week lifestyle intervention program. The study involved taking notes of the waist-height ratio and wait-hip ratio to determine the waist circumference f the abdominal obese participants. The research methodology and method remained relevant to the aims of the study according to the scholars' works. Rogerson, D., Soltani, H., Copeland, R. 2016 was able to justify the causal agent of abdominal obesity regarding environmental factors within the study group made up of eight British volunteers. The problem-oriented research approach and use of semi-structured interviews indicated the participants view regarding abdominal obesity: most of them were of the opinion that weight loss is challenging both mentally, emotionally, and physically (Greenhalgh et al., 2017). The model of Share et al., 2015 is relevant as the findings indicated the relationship between physical activity and nutrition and weight loss as being an effective mechanism in combating abdominal obesity. In the study by Rogerson, D., Soltani, H., Copeland, R. 2016 the participants were eight British volunteers of both genders aged between 30-50 years of age. The study by Share et al., 2015 had twenty-six participants aged between 18-30 years. Findings According to the works Rogerson, D., Soltani, H., Copeland, R. 2016: The results indicated that all the participants had a clue about weight loss and the risk factors associated with abdominal obesity. Further, the participants were aware of the importance of enrolling in an exercise program and the need for observing healthy eating habit. However, the results indicate that no participant was involved in a weight-loss intervention research. The conclusion asserts that cognitive, physical, emotional, and social factors were responsible for the reduced rate of exercise engagement for the participants. Therefore, rendering weight loss a challenging program. Regarding the works of Share et al., 2015: The findings indicate that there is increased rate of abdominal obesity amid adolescents. The result justified the rationale when a group made up of twenty-six women aged 18-30 years is studied. Further, the results indicate that lack of lifestyle intervention research and programs expose teens to risk factors of acute myocardial. The conclusion indicates that after the implementation of the twelve-week lifestyle intervention program the participants had reduced waist circumferences. Also, it is possible to discern that the study made use of observation skills and studied behavioral patterns amid the participants to understand their wait-list. As such, it is evident that the two studies are relevant and specific in answering the research question and justifying the study aims. Leah's Circumstances as a Barrier to Application of Evidence Leah is an outgoing person who treasures partying. Moreover, Leah is socialized within the new demographic location and deviates from attending the gym and eating healthy meals (Hoofman et al., 2013). The idea of Leah having a part time job supports her partying life. Due to self-criticism, Leah realizes that she has drastically increased weight around her abdomen. It is to such evidence that Leah seeks medical intervention from the school clinic. However, it is difficult to apply evidence lifestyle intervention to Leah since the evidence-practice calls for personal commitment from Leah (Schneider and Whitehead, 2013). Additionally, implementation of the intervention is a long-term program that will reduce her waist circumference while negatively influencing her social behavior (Ladabaum et al., 2014). Notably, research shows dealing with an alcoholic call for rehabilitation where therapeutic interventions are offered: From the literature provided, Leah is not anywhere near to resort ing to the same (Kelishadi et al., 2015). Therefore, it is difficult to implement the evidence approach due to her behavioral and social life that are more expressed than her zeal to reduce the waist circumference. Research Alignment with the PICO Question The research aims at creating awareness on the risk factors associated with abdominal obesity. Additionally, the two research studies provide platforms for the discussion on matters exercises, healthy eating, and weight loss. For instance, the works of Rogerson, D., Soltani, H., Copeland, R. 2016 indicated that most of the participants were aware of exercises and healthy eating habits as control measures to reducing abdominal obesity but none was willing to engage in the intervention research. The same is the ideas presented by the PICO question where most university students are affected by abdominal obesity due to reduced exercises and poor eating habits. Further, increased social behaviors such as partying and alcoholism are responsible for the increased cases of abdominal obesity amid university students (Smith, 2015). Conclusion To that end, it is possible to discern that abdominal obesity is health disorder that can affect anyone. However, adolescents due to their social and behavioral patterns present increased cases. For instance, Leah represents a majority of teenaged students who are affected by abdominal obesity due to poor eating habits, reduced exercises, and increased clubbing and alcoholism. Further, from the discussion above, it is evident that both environmental and genetic factors present risk factors associated with abdominal factors. Additionally, for implementation of evidence-based intervention calls for an understanding of an individuals' behavior, social patterns, cultural, and economic aspects. As such, a clinician can formulate a lifestyle intervention program that favors the victim regarding cost efficiency, personal behavior, traditional beliefs, and the social networks. Therefore, to promote recovery and well-being of persons with lived experiences of abdominal obesity, it is consider ed wise to engage clinicians, patients, and the community to support the application. Reference Carmienke, S., Freitag, M. H., Pischon, T., Schlattmann, P., Fankhaenel, T., Goebel, H., Gensichen, J. (2013). General and abdominal obesity parameters and their combination in relation to mortality: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. European journal of clinical nutrition, 67(6), 573-585. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G., Ciliska, D. (2014). Evidence-based nursing: A guide to clinical practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Ford, E. S., Maynard, L. M., Li, C. (2014). Trends in mean waist circumference and abdominal obesity among US adults, 1999-2012. Jama, 312(11), 1151-1153. Greenhalgh, T.M., Bidewell, J., Crisp, E., Ambros, A., Warland, J. (2017). Understanding research methods for evidence-based practice in health care. Milton, Australia: Wiley. Hoffman, T., Bennett, S., Del Mar, C. (2013). Evidence-based practice across the health professions (2nd Ed.). Sydney, Australia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. Kelishadi, R., Mirmoghtadaee, P., Najafi, H., Keikha, M. (2015). Systematic review on the association of abdominal obesity in children and adolescents with cardio-metabolic risk factors. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 20(3). Ladabaum, U., Mannalithara, A., Myer, P. A., Singh, G. (2014). Obesity, abdominal obesity, physical activity, and caloric intake in US adults: 1988 to 2010. The American journal of medicine, 127(8), 717-727. Richardson-Tench, M., Taylor, B., Kermode, S., Roberts, K. (2016). Inquiry in health care. South Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning. Rogerson, D., Soltani, H., Copeland, R. (2016). The weight-loss experience: A qualitative exploration. BMC Public Health, 16, 371, 1-12. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4855339/pdf/12889_2016_Article_304 5.pdf Schneider, Z., Whitehead, D. (2013). Nursing and midwifery research: methods and appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Australia. Share, B.L., Naughton, G.A., Obert, P., Peat, J.K., Aumand, E.A., Kemp, J.G. (2015). Effects of a multi-disciplinary lifestyle intervention on cardiometabolic risk factors in young women with abdominal obesity: A randomised controlled trial. PloS One, 10(6), 1-15.Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4483260/pdf/pone.0130270.pdf Smith, U. (2015). Abdominal obesity: a marker of ectopic fat accumulation. The Journal of clinical investigation, 125(5), 1790-1792.
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